An Analysis of Ronald Dworkin and Catherine Mackinnon’s...

Dworkin Gets Mack’d Out An Analysis of Ronald Dworkin and Catherine Mackinnon’s Perspectives on Modern (Obscene) Pornography March 7, 2005 Introduction In the coming paragraphs, I will prove that Ronald Dworkin’s criticisms and critiques of Catherine Mackinnon’s views towards pornography and society are largely unfounded and immaterial, and that government intervention via legislation is required in the protection of women’s interests. I will begin by explaining Catherine Mackinnon’s opinion and support for the Butler decision and thereafter, I will discuss Ronald Dworkin’s critique of it. After outlining their positions, I will proceed to highlight the areas of incommensurability between their arguments. My perspective†¦show more content†¦She comments that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides not only formative but substantial protection from inequalities. Unlike the U.S., Mackinnon comments that the Canadian system seeks to alter the poor treatment of disadvantaged groups and amend their status.[6] The Court utilized this approach in the case of R v. Butler where it recognized that the â€Å"humiliation, degradation, and subordination of women – was harm to society as a whole† as it led to an inequality.[7] In other words, the court recognized the social and communal harm imposed by pornography, that is to say it recognized the â€Å"context† under which the pornography occurred. Recognizing not only the harm from pornography but more importantly the inequality that it perpetuates, the Canadian courts ruled in an opposite manner to their U.S counterparts. At one point, Mackinnon wonders what warrants the restriction of freedom of speech in the US. One judge once wrote, â€Å"fear of serious injury cannot alone justify the suppression of free speech†. She points out that it is this exact fear – a fear of serious injury – which justifies the government’s prohibition on child pornography.[8] She continues that it is the plight of the abused, which is frequently trivialized in the United St ates. Those who are assaulted are told to â€Å"accept the freedom of your abusers† and that â€Å"you are not really being hurt†.[9] But one of the most important differences

The Emancipation Proclamation Was Issued By President Abraham

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln. It declared slaves to be free. This set forth the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments: abolishing slavery; all persons born in the United States are citizens, all citizens are entitled to equal protection under law; and barring the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. In the decades since then, it has been a major battle for African Americans to be free and have equal rights. This began the African American Civil Rights Movement. It would be the 1960s before the determination of the movement would end segregation and allow them the absolute right to vote without any small provisions that would try to deny them this right.†¦show more content†¦By 1900 Southern states passed many laws that would formally segregate everything. During the 1920s Marcus Garvey believed in empowering blacks economically. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association based in Harlem, New York. Deemed The Harlem Renaissance, it was the center of black politics and culture. In 1936, â€Å"Gallup polls estimated that 76 percent of Northern blacks had voted for [Franklin D. Roosevelt].† Some of the New Deal programs by FDR offered federal and state aid to African Americans. As the black vote became critical to the Democratic Party, the administration was more receptive to African Americans demands. â€Å"FDR appointed the first federal black judge and the unofficial Black Cabinet to investigate civil rights abuses and advise him on racial matters.† World War II would provide an opportunity to cease racial prejudice. At first, wartime industries refused to hire blacks and FDR issued an executive order that â€Å". . . forbade discrimination in the defense industries and government . . . and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee to handle complaints of discrimination.† During the war almost one million blacks served includ ing having the first African American general in the United States Army. Although the military was still segregated. After the war, the legality of segregated schools was challenged successfully. In the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education,Show MoreRelatedThe Emancipation Proclamation Was Issued By President Abraham Lincoln1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. Lincoln issued this document during the American Civil War. A massive percentage of people believe it was issued solely to end slavery. However, abolishing slavery was never a main goal of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to gain troops for the union army while destroying the Confederacy’s economy and to prevent foreign nations like England and France from becoming allies with theRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation Although Abraham Lincoln produced numerous timeless events in the history of the United States of America, perhaps none more effective as the Emancipation Proclamation. The innovative and impactful Emancipation Proclamation consisted of two executive orders issued by President Lincoln. The first order was issued on September 22, 1862 and gave freedom to all slaves in the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. One hundredRead MoreSignificance And Impact Of The Emancipation Proclamation1658 Words   |  7 PagesJonathan E. Luzniak Mr. Deeb U.S. History 1A 5 May, 2015 Significance and Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln once said, A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. (Lincoln s House-Divided Speech in Springfield, Illinois,Read MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1614 Words   |  7 PagesAustin Leishman Political Science 1100 Dr. Michael Petersen Abraham Lincoln I chose to do my research project on one of our presidents and the president I chose is Abraham Lincoln. I chose to do it on Lincoln because in my eyes and in the eyes of many other people, he was our nation s greatest president. He was considered our greatest president for everything he was and stood for and for all the things he did for our country. The first thing people should know about lincoln is that he did notRead MoreThe Reasoning And Significance Of The Emancipation Proclamation1090 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 101 08 November 2017 President Abraham Lincoln was a bold individual who acted on what he felt was ethically correct. Despite congress being against his wishes, he did not waiver in what he believed in. This courage is very difficult to find even to this day. This was a time when the country was at war. President Lincoln had just lost his son Willie to typhoid in February of 1862. (CivilWar.Org Staff 2017) When everything seemed to be going wrong President Lincoln committed an act that wouldRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president ever because he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarilyRead MoreLincoln And The Emancipation Slavery990 Words   |  4 Pages Lincoln and the Emancipation Slavery caused many violent events in the 17 and 1800’s. The South and the North could not agree with slavery; the North was anti-slavery and the South were pro-slavery. The south considered slaves to be their own personal property and the slaves were not allowed to be counted as a citizen of the United States; they were only considered to be counted as 3/5 of a person. Because slave owners were so harsh to their slaves, the slaves generated many slave rebellionsRead MoreLincolns Emancipation Proclamation Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesGilbertson Connor Period 1 The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by his authorityRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Civil War1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan, President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the issue concerning the preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. As an individual, Lincoln hated slavery, he knew that neither Northerners nor the residents of the border slave states would support abolition as a war aim. As a Republican, he wished to eliminate it from the territories as the first step to putting the institution â€Å"in the course of ultimate extinction.† But as president of the United States, Lincoln was destinedRead MoreThe Impact Of Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation1093 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln, sometimes called â€Å"The Great Emancipator†, is best remembered today for his Emancipation Proclamation. This proclamation, issued in September 1862 and enacted at the start of 1863, freed all slaves in rebelling states in the Confederacy and had a dramatic impact on the outcome of the Civil War. However, even though Lincoln was morally against the concept of slavery, he had previously stated that he had no intention of abolishing it. Why did he explicitly violate his own

Therapeutic Effects And Healing Abilities Of The Drug That...

People tend to over exaggerate the harmful effect of marijuana, some say marijuana is wrong in many ways, including brain damage, damage to the reproductive system, and weakening of the immune system. In addition people say that marijuana is a gateway drug that leads the users to try much harder drugs. This is not always the case all the time however. We now know significantly more about cannabis than most substances we eat or pharmaceutical medications we intake. Based on my research there are many therapeutic effects and healing abilities of the drug that help with disease and mental illness. People have developed and used marijuana for all intents and purposes since the start of written history. Cannabis-based materials dating to 7,000 B.C.E. have been recuperated in northern China, and the plant s utilization as a therapeutic and euphoric specialists go back about as far. The physical, therapeutic, and psychoactive effects a person experiences after ingesting marijuana are derive d mostly from a family of unique chemicals in the plant known as cannabinoids. Of the dozens of cannabinoids in marijuana, simply one which is THC, is basically psychoactive. Most strenuous chemicals in the plant have great therapeutic properties but do not bring euphoria. Many compounds, specifically the cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) offset the psychoactive properties of THC. In 2010, researchers at Harvard Medical School advocated that that some of the drug s benefits may actually be fromShow MoreRelatedMedicine As A Body Of Knowledge1730 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific testing and clinical trials. The latter one is based on using certain treatments and actions to propel the body into a self-healing process rather then working against the body. Despite their origins from the same source and traditions, both streams can now often been found as opposing philosophies with little in common. Before being able to form an opinion on healing the body and achieving wellness, it is important to have a closer look at the teachings, foundations and everyday application eachRead MoreMethods and Myths of Traditional African Medicines and its Place in Modern Society1229 Words   |  5 Pagesand naturalistic remedies have been responsible for taking care of the African world as we know it. Traditional African medicines have been a greater help to all of society and modern science, but still lie at the root of much controversy over its ability to be a valid healing tool. Some doctor’s and scientist believe that a possible placebo effect may be the root of what makes these remedies and rituals work; but there is also evidence that suggest that many of the ingredients found in our medicinesRead MoreThe Healing Power of Music Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesdo to fight off a cold, relieve pain, or alleviate mental illness, the first things that comes to mind may be to take ove r-the-counter drugs or prescribed medications. However, the cure to these and many other infirmities may be found within your own ipod. Music, in its many forms, can and should be used as a healing instrument. While it may not completely alleviate the need for drugs, its possible that music therapy could accompany medical drug use in order to lessen the amount of potentially harmfulRead MoreGuidelines Of Contrasting Triggers And Distinct Therapeutic Approaches For Psychiatric Disorders Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagescontrasting triggers and distinct therapeutic approaches for psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of emotional, mental and behavioural disorders. With recent life style most of us are suffering from psychological issues one or other. Every year, nearly 42.5 million American adults suffer from some psychiatric issues. One in four adults that is approximately 61.5 million citizens experiences mental illness in a given year; around 13Read MoreMarijuana Is The Most Popular Illicit Drug Used Among Our Teenagers Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is the most popular illicit drug used among our teenagers in the United States. Research shows that 42% of high school seniors have smoked Cannabis, 18% within the past month and 5% smoked daily and 1 in 6 are addicts. More than 64% of teenagers reported that marijuana is very easily available (Gary). Unfortunately, some parents live in a world of denial and say â€Å"It’s not my kid. My child doesn’t smoke.† Unbeknown to us, there are unfavorable concerns for many young marijuana abusers suchRead MoreThe Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors1333 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology of Addictive Behaviors in the life of Adolescence When dealing with addictive behaviors in Psychology, people find that adolescents are more likely to get involved with addictions and uncontrollable wants with things such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, sex, and much more. With those subjects listed, the age groups more prone to opening up doors to these addictions are the ages of 18-23. This is said for a number of reasons. There is loneliness from living away from home, there is more personal responsibilityRead MoreEssay on Health Benefits of Marijuana4128 Words   |  17 PagesToni Porter 8-22-11 Quincy Norwood English 1520 Research Project Health Benefits of Marijuana Can any health benefits be received from marijuana? Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America (behind only alcohol and tobacco), and has been used by nearly 100 million Americans. According to government surveys, some 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 14 million do so regularly despite harsh laws against its use. Marijuana is lessRead MoreThe Importance Of Music Therapy For Children And Their Families1956 Words   |  8 Pagestherapy help family? How does music therapy help kids Family Interactions Conclusion The importance of Music Therapy Nowadays, in the society a lot of people get more stress from many situations and some people will have some health problems. Therefore, the music therapy will be created to diminish strain, express feeling, improve communication and treat people who have health problem. Music therapy is defined as â€Å"therapy based on engagement in musical activities: the therapeutic use ofRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2099 Words   |  9 PagesPost-traumatic Stress Disorder is â€Å"a mental condition that can affect a person who has had a very shocking or difficult experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, etc.† (Merriam-Webster’s, n.d.) Post-traumatic stress disorder can occur after seeing a dangerous event such as war, hurricanes, car accidents, death of a loved one, and violent crimes. It can affect a victim mind, body, and the people around them. While some mental disorders are genetic, this disorder come fromRead More Tibetan Me dicine Essay4800 Words   |  20 Pagesmountainous terrain of Tibet and preserved despite China’s decimation of Tibetan customs, views healing in a much different way than Western physicians. Tibetan medicine emphasizes science, faith, perception, spirituality, karma, and philosophy, whereas Western medicine is based almost entirely on science. In the West, religion and spirituality are believed to have absolutely nothing to do with healing and medical practice. Without looking at Tibetan medicine in depth, the Westerner could easily dismiss

Montessori Educational Approach And Early Childhood Education

The Montessori educational approach was developed by Italian psychiatrist Maria Montessori, who initially began working with deprived and retarded children. Observations on educational challenges faced by these children directed her to formulate theories in the fields of cognitive development and early childhood education. Noticing the progress made by students that were previously considered uneducable, Montessori ponder the poor performance â€Å"normal† children were having at regular schools. She argued that schools during that time (late 19th beginning of 20th century) were not meeting the individual educational needs of children and hence suffocated, rather than encourage, learning. In 1907 she opened her own school to see if her methods could be implemented for educating normal children. Montessori believed that children learn what they are willing to learn; they might have significant differences from each other depending on what stage they are to what materials they m ight be receptive at any particular time (Arcus, 2001). The Montessori educational approach emphasizes in individualized education. Children are free to work at their own pace and to select what they would like to learn and do in a competition free environment. The trademark of Montessori’s approach is the child’s self-absorption in discovery and mastery of tasks. Additionally, Montessori’s classrooms encourage self-direction in a pleasant atmosphere, self-discipline and respect for authority (Certini,Show MoreRelatedEssay on 20th Century Approaches in Early Childhood Education861 Words   |  4 Pagesof programs and approaches used in early childhood education? The 20th century was the start of inclusive classrooms and about the idea of education for all. Education in the early preschool years boomed with early childhood development programs. While there are many popular approaches, I find that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner have the reliable strait forward and captivating approaches to early childhood educati on. Maria Montessori has an educational method that is in use today in publicRead MoreMaria Montessori ( 1870-1952 )1081 Words   |  5 PagesMaria Montessori (1870-1952) BY STEPHANIE NORRIE INTRO PARAGRAPH Maria Montessori was an influential educator of the early twentieth century whose work is widely recognised throughout the world to this day. She began educational work at the children’s house with underprivileged children which brought her international acclaim. She then actively interpreted and indorsed her own work for close to a decade. Montessori’s teachings are centred around the child, with an understanding that the child hasRead MoreLearning Is Viewed As One Of The Most Important Interactive Activities1643 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor: George Darden November 1, 2015 Learning is viewed as one of the most important interactive activities in which children engage. Although most learning occurs outside of the school setting, it is the heart of the educational process. Psychologists and philosophers searched to understand the true nature of learning, why and how learning occurs at different stages in life and how it can have an influence through teaching methods and similar endeavors. For many yearsRead MoreMontessori : Born On August 31, 31 Years Old At The Age Of 61374 Words   |  6 PagesMontessori was born on August 31, 1870 in Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, 33 years old at the time, was an official of the Ministry of Finance working in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well educated for the times and was the great-niece of Italian geologist and paleontologist Antonio Stoppani. While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who readily encouraged he r. She also had a loving relationshipRead MoreAistear: High/Scope and Montessori Pedagogical Methods Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking- are represented in the Montessori and High/Scope pedagogical methods. Nà ³irà ­n Hayes explains in her research paper Perspectives On The Relationship Between Education and Care In Ireland (2007), how demand for early years education in Ireland has increased in the last two decades for a multitude of reasons. Due to this growing demand for quality early years education the NCCA (National Council for Curriculum and Assessment) introduced Aistear as the early childhood curriculum framework for 0-6Read MoreCurriculum Model : Montessori Method Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesCurriculum Model - Montessori Method BACKGROUND Maria Montessori, 1870-1952 Maria Montessori was the first woman to attend medical school in Italy and the first female Doctor of Medicine there. She developed her technique by working with handicapped and underprivileged children, but found the principles and methodologies she was experimenting with to be applicable to all children. She had an impact on the field of education which is still felt today. Montessori schools are looked at as a viableRead MoreMy First Semester At Touro College1631 Words   |  7 PagesHistory and Philosophy of Education and Special Education. Throughout this course, I was introduced to many philosophers and their theories, which helped me to develop a personal educational philosophy that I will implement into my own future classrooms. In our very first class session, we examined the word ‘education’. Education derives from two Latin roots, educare: to bring up, to train, to teach, and educere: to lead forth, to draw forth, to guide. In the world of education today, a child’s successRead Moreadult-child interaction1476 Words   |  6 Pagesobservation at an early childhood center, SMART LITTLE BEE in Putrajaya. Smart Little Bee is not just an ordinary childhood center, the founder Miss Nor Julia bt Mohammad Nor tried to implant new exposure in educating the child using the Montessori Theory which had been used in several countries such as Australia, United Kingdom and United States. Montessori education is an educational approach developed by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori. The Montessori approach is designed to supportRead MoreThe Montessori Curriculum Model Is Based On The Philosophy Of Continuous Development904 Words   |  4 Pages The Montessori Curriculum Model Dina Fikeru, Evealin Cruz, Olga Cruz, Althea Robinson, Talaya Thompson Montessori Curriculum 1. Underlying Philosophy Montessori education curriculum is based on the philosophy of continuous development, love, caring and uniqueness. In the Montessori classroom, every child is provided with unique opportunities to develop both moral and cognitive skills in areas that motivate students (Isaacs, 2015). For example, if a child loves construction,Read MoreEarly Childhood Education Essays1052 Words   |  5 Pages EDUCATIONAL THRORISTS Early Childhood Curriculum â€Æ' Contents Introduction 2 Principles and Philosophy 2 Common and Differences 2 Contributions 3 Personal Reflections 4 Bibliography 5 Introduction In this assessment I will be talking about the principles and philosophy of Frobel and Montessori, what they have in common and differences, there contributions to Siolta and my own thoughts in relation to early childhood education and their impact on the learning environment Principles and Philosophy

Fireworks Free Essays

string(251) " common reducing agents and after reacting with oxygen, form sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide: S \+ O2 –gt; SO2 C \+ O2 –gt; CO2 By adding regulators to the reducing agent, the speed of the reaction can be somewhat controlled\." Whether it be the 4th of July, a day at Disneyland, or Chinese New Year, fireworks can be used to appeal to people of all ages, genders, and races. These low explosive pyrotechnic devices are primarily used for aesthetic or entertainment purposes. Fireworks come in various forms, including sparklers, firecrackers, basic fireworks, and ariel or display fireworks. We will write a custom essay sample on Fireworks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those who watch firework displays find that those can be broken into smaller categories by four primary effects. These effects include noise, light, smoke, and floating material. Because of the varying types available, it is common for fireworks to be classified by how they perform, whether it be on the ground or more commonly, aerial. The overall dangers associated with that particular kind of firework is another factor of classification as well. Although fireworks can be easily found in stores and on display, few people truly understand the physical and chemical properties that exist to cause a complex chemical combustion like this to occur.Due to the general public’s lack of awareness, it is common for severe injuries and even death to take place. Despite the government’s best efforts to accurately classify fireworks, consumers still manage to get a hold of illegal fireworks without proper licensing and remain unaware of the potential dangers. In the United States, fireworks are classified as either consumer or display fireworks based upon the amount of pyrotechnic composition an item contains (â€Å"Firework†). Even with certain restrictions on fireworks, thousands of accidents occur each year.It is no doubt that fireworks are potentially dangerous for the person operating them and for bystanders alike, as they may even land on flammable material and cause a fire. As a result, a general understanding of firework composition and technology is almost necessary to ensure that a disaster is prevented. History The art of fireworks originated in ancient China. It is believed that approximately 2000 years ago (Gondhia) in the Sung dynasty (Brockert), a Chinese cook accidently mixed KNO3 (or salt peter), sulfur, and charcoal.After heating these three ingredients, the cook found that when ignited, the black flaky powder created a loud bang. This fascinating black powder became known as huo yao (fire chemical) or gunpowder. It was later found that when the chef’s mixture was inserted into a hollow bamboo stick and thrown into a fire, an immense amount of pressure built up and blasted the tube apart to what became known as the firecracker. Eventually, firecrackers began to play an essential role in Chinese festivals, such as weddings and religious rituals (Gondhia).It was widely believed that firecrackers could be used to chase away evil spirits during the New Year and Mid Autumn Moon festivals (â€Å"Firework†). Firecrackers were also gradually used in warfare and within a hundred years of its invention, fire arrows (arrows attached to bamboo firecrackers) and ground rats (propelling rats from inside bamboo firecrackers) were developed (Dotz 1994). In the thirteenth century (Alan), Marco Polo brought the invention of firecrackers to the Middle East. By the fourteenth century, Europe had managed to surpass China in fireworks technology (Brockert).Roger Bacon, one of the first Europeans to study gunpowder, was the first to write about the invention. Bacon had discovered that KNO3 was the force behind the explosion, yet wrote his findings in a code after realizing the potential he held to possibly revolutionize warfare for the worst. By 1560, European chemists finally discovered the correct proportion for the mixture. The ratio became known was 75% salt peter, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulphur- a ratio that still exists today. This discovery marked the end of medieval warfare(Gondhia).The aesthetic aspect of development is credited to the Italians, who were able to develop aerial shells that when lit, burst into a fountain of color. Even today, many leading American display companies, such as the Grucei family or the Dozzi family, are operated by families of Italian descent (Dotz 1994). The scientific aspect of fireworks grew in Germany, where advancement became the key goal in pyrotechnics. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that fireworks also became popular in America. Firework development, such as the forest green color, is still continuing today (Gondhia).Discussion A basic firework, sparkler, firecracker, and aerial all have different components in which produce different reactions. Different components may also be added to an aerial firework to produce various colors and shapes. A basic firework is made up of six basic ingredients. These ingredients include fuel, an oxidising agent, a reducing agent, regulators, a coloring agent, and binders. Charcoal or black powder is the most common fuel in fireworks. Other elements like thermite can be used in place of black powder, although fuels usually contain an organic element.The fuel initially starts to work inside the firework when it begins to lose electrons to atoms within the oxidiser, thereby reducing and releasing atoms from the oxidiser. When this occurs, bonds are formed between the fuel and oxygen atoms, causing the product to be somewhat stable. However, only a minimal amount of energy is required to start the combustion of this fuel oxidiser compound. As a result, the solid mixture liquefies and vaporizes into the flame of the ignition causing a massive release of energy. This act marks the beginning of combustion (Gondhia).The oxidising agent produces the oxygen needed in order for the mixture inside the firework to burn. Nitrate is usually used as an oxider, although chlorates and perchlorates can be used as well: XNO3 –gt; XNO2 + 1/2 O2 As illustrated from the chemical equation, nitrates only give up a third of their oxygen. Chlorates, on the other hand, are extremely explosive. Unlike nitrates, chlorates get completely reduced and as a result, work as better oxidising agents and thereby create an even more spectacular reaction: 2XClO3 –gt; 2XCl + 3O2Perchlorates contain even more oxygen than the two, however are less likely to explode in comparison to chlorates due to their increase in stability: XClO4 –gt; XCl + 2O2 The reducing agent burns the oxygen provided by the oxidising agent to produce hot gases. Sulphur and charcoal are common reducing agents and after reacting with oxygen, form sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide: S + O2 –gt; SO2 C + O2 –gt; CO2 By adding regulators to the reducing agent, the speed of the reaction can be somewhat controlled. You read "F ireworks" in category "Papers" Metals are most commonly added to regulate the speed of the reaction.According to the collision theory, the larger the surface of the metal, the faster the reaction (McConnel). Binders hold the mixture of the firework agent together in a paste like mixture to form a lump. This lump makes up the star. The most common binder is dextrine, a type of starch which holds the composition together. Paron can also be used in binding, however is less common and only used in conjunction with red and green fireworks as means to enhance their color. The star in a firework can work in different ways to produce several different effects.For example, the most common peony is a spherical break of colored stars. Things like the horsetail or waterfall can also be produced. This shell features a heavy long burning tail of stars that only travel a short distance from the shell burst. The star is made up of two basic elements: dextrine decomposed by water and a shellac compound dampened by alcohol. Binders do not work until the firework is lit and because of its explosive elements, are too unstable for storage within the firework. Color in firework displays is a fairly new invention, introduced a mere hundred years ago.In fact, before the nineteenth century, only yellows and oranges could be produced with the use of steel and charcoal. Decent blues and purples were not developed until this century. To make a firework a certain color, the correct corresponding chemical or mixture of chemicals must be used. The light quality in fireworks are produced through incandescence (light produced by energy sources other than heat) and incandescence (light produced by heat in which causes a substance to grow hot and glow). Incandescence occurs when solid particles are heated in the flame to extremely high temperatures.At this time, excess energy is released in the form of light at the broad end of the spectrum (Gondhia). These specific colors produced by the signature chemicals in fireworks emit light at specific wavelengths. These wavelengths allow us to see different colors, since light is produced at different photons. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which the light is emitted and the closer it tends toward the blue end of the colored spectrum. When the wavelength is longer, light is closer to the red end of the spectrum (Miller): ColorCompoundWavelength of LightRedStrontium Salts and Lithium Salts Li2CO3 SrCO3600-646 nm OrangeCalcium Salts CaCl2 CaSO4, 2H2O591-603 nm GoldIncandescence of Iron or Charcoal590 nm YellowSodium Compounds NaNO3 Na3AlF6589 nm Electric WhiteWhite Hotel Metal BaO564-576 nm GreenBarium compounds with Chlorine (Barium must be combined with chlorinat ed rubber so it remains stable in room temperature) BaCl+511-533 nm BlueCopper Compounds with Chlorine460-530 nm PurpleMixture of Strontium (red) and Copper (blue) compounds432-456 nm SilverBurning aluminium, titanium, or magnesium powder412 nm ?It is impossible to create a blue or green color through incandescence since a much higher temperature is required and as a result, would be impractical if used. The light then, can be produced in other forms other than heat through incandescence. During this process, energy from the fire in the basic fuel can be transferred to the atoms of the colorant chemicals. This excites electrons in those chemicals into higher energy states. As a result, electrons literally orbit further away from the atom’s nucleus. As the atom’s cool down, they move back to lower states of energy.When this energy is conserved, the remaining energy is converted into radiation and then light. Therefore, the colors can be seen when the atoms are cooling down. Chemists are able to produce little pellets of colorant chemicals. A mixture of colorant and basic fuel blended to the right degree and correct size allows the pellet to burn at the desired rate, thus allowing the colors to burst at the correct times (Russell 2000). Each kind of firework contains these basic ingredients with little variation, although the structure of the firework does change.A simple firework packs black powder at the center. The stars are then placed around the powder, which will ignite and burn. The bursting charge is also located in the center. The bursting charge is a firecracker like charge at the center of the shell (Miller). Depending on the basic fuel, colorant pellets, and h? ow the stars are placed, different types of effects can occur. For example, tricky shapes like stars and hearts are made by pasting colorant pellets on paper in the desired pattern. The paper is then placed in the middle of the shell with the explosive charges above and below (Ropeik).At the same time the powder is ignited, the main fuse or the time delay is lit as well. The main fuse goes to the bottom where black powder is located. When the black powder is ignited in a small closed container, the heat and gas will cause an explosion to launch in the tube. The time delay allows the firework to burn slower due to the coarser grained black powder placed in the center. The structure of a sparkler is a little bit different. A sparkler is composed of medium sized grains of aluminum.When these grains are ignited, it burns with oxygen in the air, resulting in sparks (Donner 1997). These sparks burn for a long period time and produce extremely bright and showery light. It is sometimes even referred to as the â€Å"snowball sparkler† due to the balls of sparks that surround the burning portion. A sparkler consists of fuel (usually charcoal or sulfur), an oxidizer, iron or steel powder, and a binder (commonly sugar or starch). When these ingredients are mixed together in water, the chemicals form a slurry that can be coated on a wire or poured into a tube.Once dried, a sparkler, fuel, and oxidizer are proportioned along with other chemicals so the sparkler burns slowly rather than exploding like a firework. A firecracker, on the other hand, is used to create an explosion. Like fireworks, firecrackers have been around for hundreds of years. Firecrackers consist of either black powder or gunpowder or flash powder in a tight paper tube with a fuse to light the powder. The black powder in the mixture includes charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate. Occasionally, however, aluminum may be added to the mixture or used in place of charcoal as means to brighten the explosion.It is actually common for fireworks to do the same and even add iron, steel, zinc, or magnesium dust in order to create bright, shimmering sparks (Brian). Aerial fireworks are the most common type of firework, as they are the most visual pleasing. An aerial firework originates from small shells that are then reliant on a lift charge that then propels the shell into the air (Gondhia). A shell consists of four parts: a container, stars, a bursting charge, and a fuse, which provides a time delay so the shell will explode at the correct altitude. Below the shell is the lifting charge.The shell is launched from a mortar or a short, steel pipe with a lifting charge of black powder that explodes in the pipe to launch the shell. When the lifting charge fires to launch the shell, it lights the shell’s fuse. The shell’s fuse then burns until the shell rises to its correct altitude and ignites the bursting charge so it explodes. ?The stars inside the container come in various shapes and sizes. Simple stars are much like sparklers but in compound form into a ball the size of a pea or a dime. The stars are then poured into the tube and surrounded by black powder.The fuse burns inside the shell, ignites the bursting charge, and then proceeds on to make the entire shell explode. The explosion ignites the outside of the stars, which begins to burn with bright showers of sparks. The explosion throws the stars in all directions, resulting in hugh spheres of sparking light (Brian). Firework displays don’t usually include only one set of aerial shells, however. More commonly, multi break shells are seen and burst in two or three phases. Usually stars contain several different colors and composition to create things like softer or bright light or more or less sparks.Some shells even contain explosives that are designed to crackle in the sky or whistle as confetti stars burst out (Russell 2000). To make a sound like a whistle, basic fuel is packed in a cardboard tube and opened on one end. As the fuel burns inside the tube, the carbon dioxide it gives off rushes out the open end, making a whistling sound (Ropeik). Some shells may consist of a shell filled with other shells or they may have multiple sections without using additional shells. The sections of a multi break shell are ignited by different fuses.Therefore, shells must be assembled in such a way that each section explodes in sequence to produce distinct separate effects. When assembled correctly, the bursting of one section should ignite the next (Brian). With today’s extensive firework technology, computer programmers have learned to synchronize the firing of thousands of fireworks from just one control panel. The firework is fitted with a metal match heads which resembles that of a real match. When the button of the firing panel is pushed, a surge of electrical charge or current is created and travels down thin wire until it hits the match head and ignition occurs.The spark from this ignition lights a fuse to the firework causing it to elevate in the air. These extensive â€Å"firing panels,† however, are only used on large scale displays. The future of fireworks lies in the fusion of modern day computational techniques (Gondhia). Despite the need for further firework technology, it is no doubt that the composition and extensive science behind it is truly amazing. It is interesting to note that only in fireworks, chemists act as pyrotechnics who are attempting to keep a firework from exploding.Even though that seems like the overall goal, fireworks are actually flashiest when they are cooling down, not when they have been initially ignited. To slow down burning, chemists have to use big grains of chemicals and pack it carefully as to ensure that ingredients do not blend. The number of things required of a chemist in order to develop fireworks is truly combustion at its best. Influence on Society Fireworks have played an essential role in society for quite some time. As stated previously, fireworks had originally been used in religious rituals and celebration. Till this day, it is used in the same way. Although fireworks are enjoyed by all people, the dangers used while operating them is profound. As a result, numerous restrictions have been made on fireworks. These restrictions were made in efforts to keep operators and bystanders safe. However, even with the restrictions placed on fireworks, it is common for people to come by displays quite often. At Chapman alone, I can see fireworks everyday from the top of the parking structure, whether it be from Disneyland or the Grove.Growing up in Hawaii, the blasting of fireworks is the only thing that could be heard on New Years Eve or the Fourth of July. Even though fireworks provide a fun time for many families, the dangers cannot be ignored. Every New Years Day morning, the radio station manages to report on the numerous accidents that have occurred in the past evening. Little boys have lost their eyes after peering over the firework after its been ignited, while houses have been lit on fire. With this knowledge in mind, it would be best to know the basics on how a firework works so accidents like these can be avoided.There is no doubt that fireworks are a way for people to come together. They can be used for religious purposes or for mere enjoyment with your friends and family. Despite its intended good nature, fireworks may also have a negative impact on the environment. It has been reported that some fishermen have noticed that firework residues can hurt fish and other water life due to toxic compounds like antimony sulphide. On the other hand, large scale pollution from other sources make it hard to measure what is exactly coming from fireworks (Ibrahaim 214-221).Despite the possible downsides of fireworks, it is no doubt that these designs are truly amazing to watch. Personal View I have not met one person but myself that has grown up in Hawaii, a place fortunate to have legalized firework usage, and has not blown fireworks at some holiday. My mom had always been aware of the statistics and a result, banned them from our household. However, every other person I’ve met disagrees with my mother’s view. As it turns out, fireworks are actually something that brings people together. It is a way in which families can bond and do something fun together.The question stands, however- is an activity in which brings people together on the most important days of the year worth the potential harm Some states would disagree. In fact, fireworks, especially sparklers, are the most dangerous manufactured explosives. According to the center for disease control, over nine thousand people a year are injured as a result of fireworks. Half of those nine thousand are usually children under the age of fourteen (Berger 877-882). Due to these alarming statistics, thirty nine state do not prohibit consumer sales or use of fireworks.These states include New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and Delaware. Few states, on the other hand, such as Ohio, Vermont, and Illinois only allow novelty items such as sparklers (â€Å"The Fight Over Fireworks- Should Fireworks Be Banned? †). Due to each state’s individual laws on fireworks, some states have had a hard time controlling the usage of fireworks. Several people have actually bought fireworks in other states and used them in their own, as buying fireworks, but not using them was deemed illegal. Due to this problem, I believe it would be easier to make one general law.Even though fireworks may be dangerous, it would still be best to allow consumers to use basic fireworks, sparklers, and firecrackers. For obvious reasons, aerial fireworks should be banned in all states for consumer use, as they are the most complicated to use and as a result, operators are more prone to be harmed. To avoid future accidents, it would be best that permits to purchase fireworks are required. This would then ensure that only legal fireworks are being purchased and children under the age of eighteen will be unable to purchase it for themselves.Even though the dangers of fireworks are still present, it is best to be aware of the dangers of everything in our world. Everything around us is potentially harmful, we merely have to learn how to use it properly. As a result, I disagree with the complete banning of fireworks. Rather, sales should be monitored carefully and people, especially children, should be informed about the potential harm that can be associated with the use of fireworks. In addition, parents should also make sure to keep a watchful eye on their child when they’re around these explosive devices. How to cite Fireworks, Papers

Does Technology Make Us More Alone Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Does Technology Make Us More Alone Argumentative Essay IntroductionWhen mainframe and minicomputers provided the backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environments in the sense that dumb terminals shared access to a single processor (the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheral devices. Files could be shared among users because they were stored on the same machine. Electrical and operational connections were available in common and shared applications, and implementation of new hardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendor was used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the business environment, information became distributed, located on the various hard drives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for other users to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware, software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication program which makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for such envi ronments, although a number of companies are now participating in the field. This research considers two of the most popular network operating systems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considers which is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating SystemsOperating systems are the interface between individual programs and the user. Through the operating system, the user is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, and issue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Network operating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies) in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is used to issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background against which scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally, the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only aware of the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOS can make the difference between a productive and an unproductive office, and between workers who are difficult to replace when they leave and those who are likely to be familiar with the NOS of choice. Despite their importance, network operating systems have faced challenges in the market because of the diverse hardware requirements that they must meet. Because of this, several different operating systems have been developed, some of which run in place of traditional (single-user) operating systems, and some of which run in addition to these systems. OS/2, for example, provides a multi-user environment without requiring a separate operating system. NOS development gained widespread acceptance when companies such as Artisoft (which manufactures Lantastic) introduced client software which worked with a variety of servers. This made software manufactured by companies such as Novell (which required special client-side networking software) vulnerable, and Microsofts Windows 95 quickly became the client software of choice in the market (although not always among analysts) when it was introduced since it can interface with a number of different server systems with complete transparency to the user. This is the same concept used to develop OS/2 Warp Connect.Comparison CriteriaBecause of the current state of the market, having 32-bit capability is a requirement in most network environments. The various NOS alternatives need to offer a strong file and print base, since that is how most users access and use the networks. Application services, which includes the ability to run messaging, database, and other server-based applications efficiently in a client/server network is an essential requirement of most modern networks. Multiprocessor support is an essential component, as is fault tolerance, high-quality development tools, and application support from third-party vendors. Hardware integration is also a key issue since the NOS should be able to run on hardware which is readily available at reasonable rates, and which is likely to continue to be available in the future. Both the type of processor and the ability to use more than one processor are important consideration s in this regard. A related issue is the networking infrastructure, which includes the ease of use of the network transfer protocols and how well the server software processes multiple LAN adapters and internal routing. .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .postImageUrl , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:hover , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:visited , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:active { border:0!important; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:active , .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8aa674258af5c856f0eb45d13d972d8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Remembrance By Emily Bronte EssayIn addition, directory and naming services should be easy to use, and multiple operating systems (such as DOS, Macintosh, Unix, OS/2 and Windows 3.x as well as Windows 95) should be supported given the diversity of most network